Thus, letter combinations such as mm mi ni ui in iu iii etc. As a result, letters that consist only of shafts in the center band are particularly difficult to distinguish, since the letter i is still written without an i-line or i-dot for a long time. The basic principles of the breaking of arcs, the organization of shafts on the line and the stretching of the mid-length area to the detriment of the ascenders and descenders as well as the arch joints are fully developed and lead to that interwoven, grid-like typeface to which the typeface owes its name. The Textura developed from the Early Gothic Minuscule in the 13th and 14th centuries. Its characteristics are large curved and curly ascenders as well as grid writing in the first line and in the recognition line. Though, determining the date based on the letters is not easy because the basic script remains relatively uniform.Ī special formatio is the diplomatic minuscule, which has been used in royal documents since the second half of the 9th century.
The Carolingian minuscule remained in use for almost four centuries, although some of the letter’s forms have changed.
It is distinguished by the following features:įor headings, capital letters were still used (capitalis, uncial, mixed and ornamental forms). The Carolingian Miniscule is a shaped book script. Regional scripts were preserved for a long time in the peripheral areas. It was a new, clear, and uniform script that was introduced throughout the country under the reign of Charlemagne. The Carolingian Minuscule was created around 800 from balanced stylized elements of various predecessor scripts in the educational centers of the Carolingian Empire. On the other hand, some of their variants formed the basis for the next stage of Latin writing: The Carolingian minuscule. The early Carolingian minuscules of the 8th and 9th centuries, as writings of transition, gave rise to the next significant change: on the one hand, their numerous ligatures continued traditions of cursive writing from the late antiquity and their letterforms continued older minuscule scripts. R and s are very similar and easy to confuse. Especially obvious in the pointed script are the a (triangle shaped) and the f (with descenders and center line). Gallen, Fulda, Mainz, Würzburg, and Salzburg are classified by the rounded type. From the Insularis there is a strongly rounded type and later the cursive pointed script. Particularly noteworthy are the insular writings that originated in the Irish Anglo-Saxon area. The common feature of these scripts is that they further developed the Half-Uncial and the Roman cursive into minuscule scripts (for example: Lombard script, Visigothic minuscule, Beneventana). For this reason, historians of the 19th century called this time the «era of national scripts» (6th to the 11th centuries). In fact, if the Bible wasn’t printed in humanist typeface was because Germany kept the gothic script as an important part of their identity, the same that Charlemagne was trying to give to his empire through the Carolingian Script.The dissolution of the Roman empire led to a regional development in scripts.
Pretty good for an almost illiterate emperor. The carolingian minuscule gave the final form to the letters of the roman alphabet. This “new” script model was named Humanist.Īt the end, Charlemagne did more than he pretended to. After the Black Death, and with the italian Renaissance it seemed pretty logical to look back and rescue the Alcuin’s script. The carolingian minuscule was seen as a representative of the Carolingian Renaissance and the Blackletter as a representative of the middle ages. York, being “insular” (English) was pretty experienced in the use of both majuscule and minuscule alphabets (unused in continental Europe, but already common in british scriptoria) and developed, under the patronage of Charlemagne, the antecesor of the Blackletter script (or Gothic Textura) used after to print the first Bible. A big part of the credit for this great script is for Alcuin of York, a scholar and close friend of Charlemagne. One of the legacies of the Carolingian Empire was the Caroline minuscule, a calligraphic standard during almost 400 years in Europe. 11848), written in Carolingian minuscule. Page of text (folio 160v) from a Carolingian Gospel Book ( British Library, MS Add. and you want to give all this people something in common? You design a typeface. What would you do if you are the emperor of a territory so big that includes almost all Europe in 800 a.c.
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